Hydrogen vehicles are a type of alternative fuel vehicles that use hydrogen fuel for motor power. Applications include hydrogen-fueled space rockets, automobiles, busses and other transportation vehicles. Power is generated by converting the chemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical energy. This is done through the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell to power electric motors. Another method is burning hydrogen in an internal combustion engine to power a given engine.

• Hydrogen cars: In simple terms, a hydrogen fuel cell is made up of a positively charged anode and a negatively charged cathode that are put in contact with an electrolyte. A platinum catalyst then kick-starts a chemical reaction that generates  electricity, heat and water. Hydrogen fuel cells are combined in stacks to ensure that enough energy is created to power the car. Once pumped into the car, the hydrogen is stored in a high-pressure cylinder. Fortunately, all the cars on sale have passed stringent safety tests.
• Since 2019, there were three models of hydrogen cars publicly inserted and introduced into the market: the Toyota Mirai (2014–), the Honda Clarity (2016–), and the Hyundai Nexo (2018–). All models entail Fuel Cells (FCEV) within their initial designs for Electric vehicles. Today companies in Europe, like BMW, are taking further strides to become more eco-friendly by introducing their new models of hydrogen vehicles. BMW is on course for producing a new X5 SUV that will run on Hydrogen fuel cells. And showcasing this vehicle is scheduled to happen at the beginning of 2022.

Hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) are used to optimize the energy management for electric vehicles. These solutions use separate energy and power sources in order to use their characteristics at their best. Because of these characteristics, it enables the freedom to design a source that is efficient, cost effective and smaller in size. In addition to that, one of the most important advantages of this novel approach is the improvement of the thermal battery behavior. As a result of this development, significant reductions in the cost and optimizing the performance of Electric Vehicles as well Electrical grids have been achieved.

• An example of Hybrid vehicles is Toyota Hybrid Cars. They entail high quality battery systems that store and utilize electricity for start-up and traveling purposes. These durable batteries are secondary sources of power and are charged due to the rotation of the car wheels. When the car accelerates, the motor consumes electricity from both the combustion engine and batteries. And the when the car decelerates, the batteries get charged and start to store more electricity. This process allows hybrid vehicles to be fuel efficient and environment friendly.
• Hybrid energy storage systems however, are dependent on two energy sources and a MTU grid that is connected to an MTU Battery pack. In the case of a manufacturing factory, the building would regularly depend on the MTU storage grid and eventually utilize the renewable farms, that entail solar and wind technologies for power. Depending on intermittency, sufficient clean electricity is provided to the building while simultaneously allowing the state energy grid to act as a back up reserve until nightfall. The advantages to consider include: faster connection times; faster commissioning of new renewable generation plants; optimization in electric infrastructures that involves synergies on O&M and CAPEX; lastly switching between sources when there is inactivity reduces unpredictability inherent in renewable energy and improves stability of the electricity supplied.

An electric kiln is a heating chamber/oven that is used to transform materials at high temperatures. The kiln process is used for hardening ceramic bodies, heating and treating steel, melting glass into crucibles, fusing layers of stained glass, melting enamelling powder onto copper jewellery, firing porcelain dolls and fusing clay silver.

• Oxidation Firing is a technique that is typically done in an electric kiln. It is used mainly to oxidize ceramic materials. In this process, ceramics are heated at a certain temperature. And then oxygen is pulled from the kiln chamber and transitions to combine with carbonaceous materials present in a ceramic body. This is where ceramic materials are subsequently oxidized.
• There are 4 types of Kiln to consider that are currently present in manufacturing industries. They are the following:
  • Ceramic Kiln
  • Metal Kiln
  • Glass Kiln
  • Clay Kiln